Heat olive oil in a large Dutch oven or soup pot over medium-high heat. Brown the ground beef for 5-7 minutes, breaking it apart with a wooden spoon until no pink remains. Drain excess fat if needed, leaving about 1 tablespoon in the pot for flavor.
Add diced onion, minced garlic, diced carrots, and chopped celery to the pot. Sauté these vegetables for 3-4 minutes until they begin softening and releasing their aromatic oils. Stir frequently to prevent sticking and ensure even cooking throughout.
Pour in 4 cups of beef broth, then add diced potatoes, the can of diced tomatoes, dried thyme, dried oregano, and your bay leaf. Bring the mixture to a boil for 2 minutes, then reduce heat to medium and simmer uncovered.
Stir in the chopped cabbage and add the additional 2 cups of beef broth to create this hearty savory hamburger soup. Simmer for 15-18 minutes until all vegetables become fork-tender and flavors meld beautifully together into one cohesive broth.
Taste your fall soup and season generously with salt and pepper according to your preference. Remove the bay leaf before serving, and ladle this easy weeknight comfort into bowls while hot.